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Tokenised Islamic finance products: Shariah compliance meets digital innovation
Tokenisation, the representation of ownership interests and contractual rights as digital tokens recorded on distributed ledgers, is increasingly intersecting with Islamic finance. The opportunity is practical; broader market access, faster settlement, improved transparency and audability, and the potential to hard-wire compliance into product lifecycles. The challenge is equally clear. Structures must continue to satisfy foundational Shariah requirements prohibiting interest, excessive uncertainty and speculation, even as issuance, custody and secondary trading migrate to digital rails. Across the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, policymakers and market participants are moving beyond pilots to first-generation frameworks and transactions. Bahrain has adopted a stablecoin issuance and offering framework that embeds Shariah governance for Islamic-labelled products, while in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) the new CBUAE law (Federal Decree-Law No. (6) of 2025) provides a statutory pathway for "currency in digital form" as legal tender issued by the UAE Central Bank. This sts alongside the binding Higher Shariah Authority framework that adopts the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) standards for licensed Islamic Institutions. These measures signal a maturing regulatory environment for tokenised Islamic products.
For the purposes of this article, tokenised Islamic finance products refer to digital instruments structured to comply with the principles of Shariah and recorded on either permissionless public chains or permissioned networks operated by regulated institutions. They include security tokens, such as tokenised sukuk or equity interests; asset-backed tokens that evidence ownership in identifiable real assets or usufructs; and payment or utility tokens, including fiat-referenced stablecoins and bank deposit tokens used for settlement. Our primary focus is the GCC, in particular the UAE, Saudi Arabia and Bahrain. The analysis draws on standards and guidance issued by AAOIFI and the Islamic Financial Services Board. Where relevant, we refer to Federal Decree-Law No (6) of 2025 as “the new CBUAE law”.
