In this article, the authors consider certain issues of principle decided or clarified by the Court of Appeal in the Thames Water restructuring plan: Kington S.À.R.L. & Ors v Thames Water Utilities Holdings Ltd [2025] EWCA Civ 475. Namely: the requirement to consider the treatment of “out of the money” creditors when assessing whether the allocation of benefits under a plan is fair, and the meaning of the expression “restructuring surplus” or “benefits preserved or generated by the restructuring”.